Showing posts with label ABC Family. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ABC Family. Show all posts

August 12, 2023

POWER RANGERS S.P.D.

 

POWER RANGERS S.P.D.
(ABC Family, Toon Disney, February 5-November 14, 2005)
 
BVS Entertainment, Renaissance Atlantic Entertainment, Toei Company Ltd., Ranger Productions Ltd.

 

 

Power Rangers S.P.D. is the 12th incarnation of the Power Rangers franchise, the 3rd of the Disney-era, and the 13th season overall. It utilized footage from Toei Company, Ltd.’s 27th Super Sentai series, Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger. Where “S.P.D.” stood for “Special Police Dekaranger” in the Sentai, here it became “Space Patrol Delta”.

Newtech City in the year 2025.


In the year 2025, Earth had become part of a larger community when it welcomed alien beings to live peacefully with humans. However, there are always those out there looking to spoil the party. In this case, the planet-conquering Troobian Empire led by the evil Emperor Gruumm (RenĂ© Naufahu). The only thing standing between them and Earth was the S.P.D.: an interplanetary law-enforcement agency that oversaw extraterrestrial immigrants on different planets and used advanced technology to maintain peace and order. And the elite members of Earth’s S.P.D. division were Power Rangers.

The S.P.D. A-Squad.


The best of the best were positioned on the A-Squad. These five Rangers possessed the ability to morph instantly without the use of a Morpher, had heavy armor that gave them greater endurance, and large armaments known as S.P.D. Enforcers. Their Zords were known as the Delta Runners: Red (Gina Varela) piloted the Delta Runner 1, a 6-wheeled police car; Blue (Taran Howell, voiced by Nick Kemplen) Delta Runner 2, a gyrocopter with laser barrels in its engines and a rescue cable; Green (Thomas Kiwi, voiced by Kemplen) Delta Runner 3, an 18-wheel mobile command center that contained the Megazord’s weapons; Yellow (Allan Smith, voiced by Greg Cooper) Delta Runner 4, an armored truck with blinding lights on the roof; and Pink (Motoko Nagino, voiced by Claire Dougan) Delta Runner 5, a small buggy whose sign was used to direct traffic and make judgements. The five Runners could combine to form the Delta Squad Megazord. The Megazord had the Delta Blaster and Delta Sword, and came equipped with a giant Delta Morpher-activated Judgement Scanner to determine the guilt or innocence of a subject. Detained prisoners were incarcerated inside a Containment Card.

S.P.D. B-Squad: Sky, Syd, Jack, Z and Bridge.


Unfortunately, the A-Squad seemed to have disappeared while on a mission, necessitating the activation of the B-Squad. The squad consisted of cadets with unique abilities of their own apart from their future Ranger powers. The initial members were Schuler “Sky” Tate (Chris Violette), who shared his parents’ abilities to generate energy shields that could be used defensively or offensively; Bridge Carson (Matt Austin), who possessed mental powers that allowed him to sense auras, limited telepathy, and some precognitive ability; and Sydney Drew (Alycia Purrott), who was able to take on the molecular structure of anything she touched. They would be joined by two thieves they were sent out to capture that also possessed abilities: Jack Landors (Brandon Jay McLaren), who could phase through solid objects, and Elizabeth “Z” Delgado (Monica May), who could create holographic duplicates of herself that could become solid if desired. An issue of contention on Sky’s part was that when they were given their Delta Morphers, he was Blue while Jack was Red. Sky not only felt he deserved Red because he was already an S.P.D. officer and Jack was a criminal, but because his father was once the Red Ranger. Additionally, Bridge was given Green, Syd became Pink, and Z was Yellow. Together they protected Newtech City and, ultimately, the world.

The Delta Squad Megazord.


Among their standard equipment were the Deltamax Strikers, highly versatile weapons for long and short range attacks; the Delta Cruiser, a standard patrol jeep; the Delta Patrol Cycles used by Red, Blue and Green that were both very fast and armed with lasers; the Delta ATV, used by Cruger and equipped with powerful blasters; and the S.W.A.T. Truck, a powerful armored vehicle. There was also the Robotic Interactive Canine, or R.I.C.: a robot dog that could become a powerful cannon that could take down or imprison criminals instantly, and was later upgraded to interact with Jack’s Battlizer mode. They would also gain a second set of Zords called the S.W.A.T. Flyers.  Classified by a number designation, 1 was Jack’s and the fastest of the group; 2 was Sky’s, which had hovering capabilities, high stability, and wingtip-mounted blasters; 3 was Bridge’s, best suited for conveying dangerous goods; 4 was Z’s, which had stealth capabilities, flares and tear-gas; and 5 was Syd’s, equipped with a massive speaker system for warning transmission and had fire suppression abilities. They could combine into either the S.W.A.T. Megazord, or the S.W.A.T. Flyer Cannon that could target enemy aliens within their own Zords or who have been made gigantic. In times of extreme emergency, there was yet another Megazord: the Delta Command Megazord, whereby Delta Base could be transformed after its occupants were removed or safely in lockdown. It could be piloted by a single Ranger or an entire team, and fired lasers from its fingers, Super Crime Scene Tape, and photon beams from its knees. It could also use the S.W.A.T. Megazord as a weapon. Delta Base also had another mode, the Delta Command Crawler, where it became a globe-traversing transport with two powerful photon beams and the ability to carry all of the Zords.

Anubis Cruger.


Their commanding officer was Anubis “Doggie” Cruger (John Tui), a dog-like humanoid member of the Sirian race; which were wiped out by Gruumm. He was tough but fair, completely dedicated to his job and expecting no less from his recruits. His best friend at Delta Base was Dr. Katherine “Kat” Manx (Michelle Langstone), a humanoid feline that was the head of R&D, the Rangers’ technical support, and the designer of most of their weapons. Both of their homeworlds were attacked by the Troobian Empire, and circumstances led to Kat developing Morphers for them to become extra Rangers: turning Cruger into the Shadow Ranger and her into the Kat Ranger. She also designed the special S.W.A.T. Mode for the B-Squad Morphers that granted them armor and weaponry similar to A-Squad’s—assuming they could learn to work together.

Kat in her lab.


Other characters included Boom (Kelson Anderson), a former cadet who flunked out of the Academy after only a few days, worked as Kat’s assistant and Chief Gadget Tester, and dreamt of being a Ranger himself (orange was his color of choice); Piggy (Barnie Duncan), an alien that served as an informant for both the S.P.D. and Gruumm; Isinia Cruger (Tandi Wright), Anubis’ wife who was believed dead like the rest of their species; Supreme Commander Fowler Birdie (Paul Norell), Anubis’ superior who looked down on the B-Sqaud and often gave them orders that unintentionally served as a detriment to their effectiveness and safety; Sergeant Silverback (Tui), a S.P.D. drill sergeant tasked with turning the B-Squad into an actual team; Series One Processor Hyper Intelligence Encryptor, or S.O.P.H.I.E. (Natacha Hutchison), a cyborg computer programmer who became a programmer for the Theta Quadrant after the Rangers initially got her expelled from the Academy after learning her secret origins (cyborgs were prejudiced against); and Ally Samuels (Beth Allen), owner of a clothing store that helped the less fortunate who became romantically involved with Jack.

The Omega Ranger makes the scene.

The Rangers would gain a more frequent 6th member from the most unlikely place: the future. The Rangers actually met him in the present first, as a young boy named Sam (Aaron James Murphy). Like them, he had the special ability to teleport objects and was ostracized for it. This let him be easily manipulated into helping Gruumm’s schemes until Z turned him around. In the dystopian year 2040, Sam became the Omega Ranger (Brett Stewart) and came back in time to help prevent the B-Squad’s inevitable loss against the Troobians. The trip, however, had its cost: not only couldn’t Sam return back to his own time, it also denied him of his human form; leaving him either permanently a Ranger or an orb of energy. However, he did come with his own futuristic gear including the Uniforce Cycle and a motorcycle-like Zord called the Omegamax Cycle, which could transform into its own Megazord, combine with the Delta Squad Megazord to become the Delta Max Megazord, or be ridden by the Delta Squad Megazord. Sam’s Omega Morpher also allowed him access a variety of abilities, such as electricity projection, a powerful charged-up energy blast, strength enhancement, time manipulation, increase all of his physical stats, and had a Judgement Scanner.

Gruumm and Morgana.


Gruumm led his Troobian army on a conquest of the universe, launching full-scale assaults against planets to take their resources. Alone he was formidable enough, having the ability to shape-shift, mental powers, lightning blasts, and a genius mind. His Axe Staff was capable of firing energy of its own and allowing him to teleport through explosions. The Troobian army was largely comprised of three types of robotic drones known as Krybots: the Whites, which were the primary ground forces; the Blue-Heads, which were stronger and smarter than the Whites and served as Gruumm’s personal guards; and the Orange-Heads, which were the most powerful and led on the battlefield. His general was Mora (Olivia James-Baird), a powerful warrior found and brainwashed into servitude, and later turned into the adult Morgana (Josephine Davison) as punishment for a failure (which she hated and wanted to win back her youth). Along with the ability to teleport and a powerful battlesuit, she was able to bring to life monsters she drew. She often served as the snarky voice of reason to Gruumm, providing him with excellent battle strategies that often failed due to his own blundering. The primary weapons dealer for the Troobians was Broodwing (Jim McLarty); a three-eyed vampire bat-like alien whose suit provided an artificial environment for him to survive in. Along with flight and energy blasts, he could control a rare race of bats whose bite could turn someone into a giant. When Broodwing’s weaponry proved repeatedly unable to defeat the Rangers, Gruumm refused to keep paying him; prompting Broodwing to set sights on conquering Earth himself and defeating both the Rangers and Gruumm.

Omni, the real brains (pun intended) behind everything.


While it initially appeared as if Gruumm was talking to himself in his base, in actuality he was talking to his boss: Omni (Geoff Dolan). Omni was essentially a giant brain with a single eye on a tentacle. He was heartless and hateful, though also calm and emotionless, and possessed psychic abilities; primarily, the ability to brainwash others by spraying a purple powder on them. Gruumm eventually used the countless resources he stole to create a colossal biomechanical body for Omni that turned him into The Magnificence and gave him incredibly destructive powers.

Battle of the Yellows: A-Squad gives B-Squad a toss before blasting.


But wait, there’s more! Remember the A-Squad our heroes were replacing? It turned out that they hadn’t disappeared, but in fact turned traitor and joined Gruumm’s forces to be on “the winning side”. They used this hidden fact to their advantage in order to infiltrate and disable S.P.D. from the inside upon their return. They also used the Delta Squad Megazord to destroy the Omegamax Megazord. Broodwing would eventually supply them with a Megazord of his own design as part of his schemes.

The full S.P.D. Ranger crew, including the Shadow and Kat Rangers.


Power Rangers S.P.D. debuted on Feburary 5, 2005 on ABC Family (now Freeform) where it ran for the first 25 episodes and the 35th, with the remainder airing on Toon Disney’s Jetix programming block and reruns starting shortly after on ABC as part of the ABC Kids programming block. In 2011, a Japanese dub would air on Toei’s digital television channel with the Dekaranger cast providing the dubs. As primary producers and writers Doug Sloan and Ann Austen had left the franchise, Greg Aronowitz and Bruce Kalish took the reins seemingly for the better. Fans praised the series for easily being one of the most ambitious versions of Power Rangers yet. The cast was notably particularly strong and portrayed their characters well, earning them praise as one of the best in the franchise’s history. This was aided by the fact that every Ranger had an entire episode dedicated to fleshing them out and expanding on their character development early on. Communication with the fans was expanded with the production crew actively engaging them on websites like Rangerboard. The series was written by Kalish and Aronowitz, along with Jackie Marchand, John Tellegen, Mark Hoffmeier, David Garber, Matt Hawkins, Jesse Horsting and Stan Berkowitz, with costumes designed by Gavin McLean and music composed by Bruce Lynch. Ron Wasserman provided the theme song. Because in Dekaranger all of the weaponry featured shot actual bullets, laser beams were digitally added to any Sentai footage with weapon use, and shots of the Rangers pointing to the screen with bullet holes appearing were replaced with ones at a different angle and the bullets removed.

Sky finally becomes the Red Ranger.


S.P.D. marked a number of firsts for the franchise: the first time the Pink Ranger had no skirt on her uniform; the first time that a female Yellow Ranger had no skirt and a female Sentai counterpart; the first to have an episode take place in Super Sentai’s home country of Japan; the first to not only have a teammate use another active one’s powers (Jack loaned Sky his), but to have members promoted to new colors (Jack retired leading to Sky becoming Red and Bridge moving up to Blue); the first to have an exclusive team of American Rangers (the A-Squad), as well as the first female Red Ranger (which the producers had to fight Disney to have); the first where the final battles didn’t just include monsters that grew, but also monsters that retreated to their own giant Zord-like robots;  and the first whose episode titles consisted of only one word (an in-joke to one of Kalish’s previous series, Black Hole High).

Blast from the past as the Dino Rangers meet the S.P.D. Rangers.


There were two crossover episodes with the cast of Dino Thunder. The first, “History”, had Broodwing bring the Red (James Napier), Blue (Kevin Duhaney) and Yellow (Emma Lahana) Dino Rangers to the future to help destroy the world. However, they escaped and joined with the S.P.D. Rangers to defeat Gruumm. Originally, the plan was for Broodwing to use the Dino Gems to create clones of the Dino Rangers, but Aronowitz said during RangerStop 2015 that Disney pushed for the time travel angle so that audiences wouldn’t be confused about if they were the actual Dino Rangers. “Wormhole” saw the reverse as Gruumm would retreat into the past to conquer Earth in a less advanced time. Jack, Bridge and Z followed and teamed up with the full Dino Rangers team—including the White (Jeffrey Parazzo) and Black (voiced by Parazzo) Dino Rangers—to fight against him and the cyborg Zeltrax (Gaylyn). Ultimately, Gruumm decided to return to his own time to avoid the hassle of having to reconquer all the worlds he already had. Cruger would wipe both Rangers teams’ memories of the event to prevent any damage to the timestream. “Wormhole” would be the last team-up episode to feature two complete teams of core and 6th Rangers until Power Rangers Beast Morphers. Future team-up episodes would feature only a single veteran Ranger or a makeshift team comprised of veteran Rangers from multiple shows (with the exception of Super Megaforce, which featured all of the veteran Rangers up to that point).

The Magnificence lands in the city.


Unfortunately, any praise garnered for S.P.D. was quickly dashed as it progressed. There were a number of obvious filler episodes designed towards pushing the series towards its conclusion that were directly adapted from Dekaranger. Kalish would defend the use of Sentai material in an interview saying they were “paid to translate, not tell original stories.” Interactions with the cast and crew would also minimize as time went on as the amount of vitriol, derogatory criticism and crass jokes began to rise. Additional criticism was levied over the production’s refusal to pay Jason David Frank to reprise his role of the Black Dino Ranger in “Wormhole”. And the ambitiousness of the series became too much for Disney’s liking, as the CGI-heavy finale ended up costing a significant amount of the budget. Disney would make up for this by significantly slashing the budget of the next installments and mandating they use as much Sentai footage as possible.

Bridge moving up in the ranks.


While the S.P.D. Rangers would appear in future installments, only Austin would reprise his role in Operation Overdrive as the newly-promoted S.P.D. Red Ranger from the year 2027. McLaren was initially asked to reprise his role despite his character’s retirement, but as he and Lahana had once dated and subsequently broken up, and as she was participating in the crossover as well, he declined. Violette was also unavailable, resulting in Bridge’s promotion to Red Ranger.

S.P.D. in Power Rangers Annual.


Jetix Magazine in the UK ran a new strip based on S.P.D., the first to be written by long-time Transformers writer Simon Furman. He was joined on art by fellow Transformers veteran Andrew Wildman, who had already been doing Rangers strips when the magazine was known as Fox Kids Wickid. The strip had its own running subplot about a Krybot that became self-aware and actively worked against Gruumm and aided the S.P.D. Rangers with a device that would take out the Krybot fleet. The strip also ended with its own finale to the S.P.D. series, the first time one had done one of its own that differed from the actual series. The strip saw A-Squad brainwashed instead of corrupted, and the B-Squad had to deal with them, Gruumm and Omni before being promoted to A-Squad status. In 2017, the S.P.D. Rangers returned to comics in BOOM! Studios’ graphic novel Soul of the Dragon, which was written by Kyle Higgins along with Frank. It established that Tommy Oliver’s son J.J. was the new S.P.D. Green Ranger, Sky’s promotion to Commander of the Earth S.P.D. base and becoming the Deka Ranger, and Cruger’s promotion to Supreme Commander following Birdie’s retirement. They also appeared during the “Shattered Grid” crossover event, with a story centered on them in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 2018 Annual. The B-Squad Green Ranger would also appear in 2022's Power Rangers Universe #3.



  As with other entries in the franchise, Bandai produced a line of merchandise for the series ranging from action figures to role-play items. A toy-exclusive was the Blast Runner Zord: a small all-terrain vehicle with cannons that could become a blast shield for the Delta Squad Megazord. While it never appeared in S.P.D., it was featured in Dekaranger from whose toyline it was pulled from. When Hasbro took up the license in 2019, they released A-Squad, Shadow, Omega and most of B-Squad as part of their Lightning Collection, with B-Squad Yellow releasing as a GameStop exclusive.



 A video game for the Game Boy Advance was developed by Natsume and published by THQ (for the final time in the franchise) in 2006. It was a side-scrolling beat ‘em up where the player could use each Ranger in turn. While each Ranger played similarly, they had some different capabilities; such as Blue and Green being able to double-jump while Red had to wall-kick to reach higher areas. They each had a unique special ability based on their respective powers (although breaking with canon by using them in Ranger form): Red could phase through enemies and obstacles; Blue could create force fields; Green could track energy signatures to find missing objects; Yellow could create three duplicates of herself; Pink could turn her hand into iron to increase her attack power or punch through obstacles; and Shadow could create an energy blade that would hit several foes at once. The action was broken up with a level featuring a Missile Command-like game with the Green Delta Runner, racing levels with the Red, Yellow and Pink Delta Runners and the R.I.C., and Megazord battle levels. In 2007, Disney Interactive Studio released side-scrolling beat ‘em up Power Rangers: Super Legends for PlayStation 2, PC and Nintendo DS. The console version featured the return of Lord Zedd (Steve Blum) who recruited foes from different eras to battle the Rangers. The future Omega Ranger (Yuri Lowenthal) recruited his own through the Hall of Legends, the repository for Ranger history, which included S.P.D. members Omega, Shadow (Darryl Kurylo), Red and Orange. The DS version featured Gruumm leading the collection of foes, and had Omega, Red and Orange joined by the Blue Ranger. nWay Games’ trilogy of Power Rangers games involved members of S.P.D. 2017’s Power Rangers Legacy Wars mobile game had Red, Blue, Omega, Shadow and Kat, the Delta Squad Megazord, and Gruumm’s spaceship as a league base, while 2019’s Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid featured Kat (Melissa Flores) and Anubis (Kyle Hebert) as playable characters, as well as the Delta Squad Megazord. Power Rangers Morphin Legends, a mobile game soft-launched in 2022 before ultimately being cancelled in 2023, had Bridge and Charlie as playable characters.

The complete series DVD.


 Buena Vista Home Entertainment released the first 25 episodes and episode 35 across five DVD volumes, as well as three VHS collections containing five episodes each. They also released the complete series internationally in 2008. In 2013, the complete series was released by Shout! Factory as part of the season 13-17 box set, the 20-season Power Rangers Legacy Mighty Morphin Red Ranger helmet set, and then individually in 2017. For a time, the series was available to stream on Netflix and was purchasable on Prime Video. The entire series has been made available to stream on Power Rangers’ official YouTube channel.
 

 

EPISODE GUIDE:
“Beginnings, Part 1” (2/5/05) – Three experienced members of the B-Squad get promoted to Power Rangers when they’re tasked with apprehending two powered criminals.
 
“Beginnings, Part 2” (2/5/05) – The criminals are recruited as Power Rangers to help stop the evil Emperor Gruumm from opening a portal to invade Earth.
 
“Confronted” (2/15/05) – While the B-Squad must step up to cover for the disappeared A-Squad, Jack finds himself abusing the benefits of being a Red Ranger.
 
“Walls” (2/19/05) – Sky is upset over not being the Red Ranger to the point he skips group activities, especially when Jack and Bridge are given new Patrol Cycles.
 
“Dogged” (2/26/05) – Syd is disappointed to be partnered with the buggy R.I.C. while investigating several disappearances.
 
“A-Bridged” (3/5/05) – The Rangers believe they have their intergalactic bank robbing suspect, but Bridge remains unconvinced and launches his own investigation.
 
“Sam, Part 1” (3/12/05) – Tease for his teleportation abilities, young Sam joins Mora to help her creation Bugglesworth turn the citizenry into dolls.
 
“Sam, Part 2” (3/19/05) – Cruger reveals the origins of powered individuals and their connection to S.P.D. as Z is able to finally befriends Sam and turn him against Bugglesworth.
 
“Idol” (4/2/05) – Sky’s old friend returns to the academy, but it turns out he has begun to work for Broodwing.
 
“Stakeout” (4/9/05) – Syd is disappointed she has to work on her birthday when she’s pulled into a stakeout with Jack to watch an escaped villain’s partner.
 
“Shadow, Part 1” (4/16/05) – General Benaag returns and challenges Cruger to battle, but his refusal leads to Kat being kidnapped by Krybots and confronted by Benaag.
 
“Shadow, Part 2” (4/23/05) – While the Rangers deal with energy spikes Gruumm placed around the city, Cruger becomes the Shadow Ranger to rescue Kat and defeat Benaag.
 
“Abandoned” (4/30/05) – Taking the Shadow Ranger for granted, Cruger decides to teach B-Squad a lesson by leaving them on their own to face Drakel.
 
“Wired, Part 1” (5/7/05) – A standout D-Squad cadet takes matters into her own hands when Kat needs to decrypt a new sequence for Delta Base’s Defense System.
 
“Wired, Part 2” (5/14/05) – The Rangers hastily expel S.O.P.H.I.E. believing her to be dangerous, causing her to fall into Valko’s hands and allowing him to take control of giant robot Goradon.
 
“Boom” (5/21/05) – Syd and Bridge help Boom sell the lies he told his parents about his position when they come to visit, while Jack and Sky hunt the dimension-hopping General Tomars.
 
“Recognition” (6/4/05) – The Rangers apprehend Wootox but he manages to escape by switching bodies with Sky.
 
“Samurai” (6/11/05) – An ancient Japanese alien samurai named Katana is brought to the present by Gruumm and is convinced by Broodwing that the Rangers are the true bad guys.
 
“Dismissed” (6/18/05) – Commander Birdie decides to implement his own methods onto the Rangers and takes command of Delta Base from Cruger.
 
“Perspective” (6/25/05) – The Rangers all have a different account of stopping the World Gold Depository heist that makes each one out to be the best.
 
“Messenger, Part 1” (7/10/05) – Boom’s radio signal grabber appears to receive a message from the future telling of the Rangers’ defeat by the Troobian army.
 
“Messenger, Part 2” (7/16/05) – The Rangers are saved from the brink of defeat by the mysterious Omega Ranger from the future.
 
“Zapped” (7/25/05) – Syd is placed under a spell when she applies to be a magician’s assistant, and Sam is sent to spy on his magic show.
 
“Reflection, Part 1” (8/12/05) – The Rangers’ day off is interrupted when New Tech City is attacked by criminals they’ve already locked up.
 
“Reflection, Part 2” (8/12/05) – Gruumm uses Mirloc to capture the Rangers, and after Sam manages to free them Jack lends Sky his morpher to get some personal revenge on Mirloc.
 
“S.W.A.T., Part 1” (8/15/05) – Tensions mount as a threat is on the rise and the Rangers constantly bicker, causing Cruger to send them to Planet Zentor to be trained by Sergeant Silverback.
 
“S.W.A.T., Part 2” (8/22/05) – The Rangers end up demoted to D-Squad and on the verge of expulsion while Sam and Cruger end up captured trying to reclaim stolen S.P.D. tech.
 
“Robotpalooza” (8/29/05) – The Rangers find themselves besieged by robots while Bridge has dreams of fighting other robots on another world.
 
“Katastrophe” (9/26/05) – Kat decides to take a new position with S.P.D. Galaxy Command, but in her absence the Rangers’ equipment suffers and the team finds themselves in trouble.
 
“Missing” (10/3/05) – The Rangers must find where Bridge is being held captive before he’s crushed by the closing walls of his cell.
 
“History” (10/11/05) – Broodwing brings the Red, Yellow and Blue Dino Rangers to the future as part of his plans, but they end up teaming-up with B-Squad instead.
 
“Impact” (9/23/05) – Professor Cerebros sends a meteor towards New Tech City, and Jack crashes Sky’s mission to stop it.
 
“Badge” (10/17/05) – Cruger’s academy rival returns and slowly dismantles his Rangers team.
 
“Insomnia” (10/28/05) – Overhearing Cruger and Kat discussing how the A-Squad would have beaten Gruumm already, B-Squad goes over their past failures and try to deduce Gruumm’s plans.
 
“Wormhole” (7/30/05 CAN, 2/2/06 US) – The Rangers follow Gruumm to the year 2004 where they team up with the Dino Rangers to take on him and Zeltrax.
 
“Resurrection” (11/4/05) – Jack’s new relationship interferes with his Ranger duties while a distress call leads the Rangers to discover the missing A-Squad.
 
“Endings, Part 1” (11/7/05) – B-Squad battles A-Squad while Broodwing gathers his army to attack the defenseless base.
 
“Endings, Part 2” (11/14/05) – Omni becomes the Magnificence and takes on the S.W.A.T. Megazord while the Nova Ranger and troops from S.P.D. Command arrive to help.

November 26, 2022

POWER RANGERS DINO THUNDER

POWER RANGERS DINO THUNDER
(ABC, ABC Family, Toon Disney February 14-November 20, 2004)
 
BVS Entertainment, Renaissance Atlantic Entertainment, Toei Company Ltd., Village Roadshow KP Productions Limited

 

 

 

 

Power Rangers Dino Thunder is the eleventh incarnation of the Power Rangers franchise, the second of the Disney-era, and the twelfth season overall. It utilized footage from Toei Company, Ltd.’s 27th Super Sentai series, BakuryÅ« Sentai Abaranger. This incarnation was notable for several reasons: it marked the first (and last) starring role for Jason David Frank since Power Rangers Turbo, a return to a dinosaur theme for the Rangers since Mighty Morphin, and contained the franchise’s 500th episode overall.

Mesogog.


Billionaire scientist Anton Mercer (Latham Gaines) and paleontologist Tommy Oliver (Frank) were working together on several projects designed to combine dinosaur DNA with technology. That is until Anton mysteriously disappeared and his island lab sank into the ocean; nearly taking Tommy with it. However, the truth of the matter was that a lab accident had befallen Anton that transformed him into the evil humanoid mastermind Mesogog. Mesogog was a completely separate personality from Anton’s, and the two constantly battled for dominance over their shared body. Mesogog was fueled by a desire to restore the Earth to the age of the dinosaurs and turn the human race into hybrids like himself and planned to use his and Tommy’s work to do it.

Once a Ranger...


In the years following, Tommy had taken up a teaching position at Reefside High in Reefside. There, he was given charge of three students placed in detention by the school’s super-strict new Principal, Ms. Randall (Miriama Smith): Conner McKnight (James Napier), the sexist school soccer star; Kira Ford (Emma Lahana), a singer and guitarist (who played with her real-life band several times in the show) determined to prove herself an individual; and Ethan James (Kevin Duhaney, reportedly a fan of the franchise since Mighty Morphin), a computer nerd with a sarcastic streak. Taking them to a museum, Tommy offered to cancel the rest of their detention if they could find something prehistoric on the grounds. This led to the teens accidentally stumbling into the hidden lair under Tommy’s house, and taking the red, yellow and blue Dino Gems embedded in a meteorite inside.

Conner, Kira and Ethan after being drafted.


The Dino Gems were created by the Red Morphin Master using the Morphin Grid (revealed later in future entry Dino Fury) and were sent out into the universe as a tool against evil. The Gems crashed onto the planet in the meteorite that wiped out the dinosaurs and was found by Tommy, who took them for safe keeping. The Gems, said to be able to choose their holders, bonded with the teens and gave them special abilities: Conner super speed, Kira a piercing and damaging sonic scream, and Ethan a protective shield over his skin. With Mesogog proving to be a lingering threat, Tommy gave the teens the Morphers he had created in case the Gems needed to be used, turning them into the Power Rangers. Eventually, a Black Dino Gem was found and turned Tommy into the Black Dino Ranger with the power of invisibility (giving Tommy the most color changes in the franchise’s history at four). This made him the first active Ranger also to be serving in the mentor role (an idea recycled from the unproduced Hexagon). Once bonded with their users, the Gems’ powers could only be retrieved by destroying the wielder (although they could be forcibly drained).

Super Dino Mode.


Along with their regular abilities, the Rangers learn how to access a “Super Dino Mode”, which caused them to enter an almost-feral state with roaring helmets, increased strength and the patterns on their uniforms becoming raised spikes. In Kira’s case, she also gained wings. Kira and Ethan could also lend their powers to Conner, allowing him to become the Triassic Ranger (eventually able to do it at will). Conner gained one final ultra-powerful form as the Triassic Battlizer. The standard weapon of the Dino Rangers was the Thundermax Saber; which could serve as both a bladed weapon and a blaster. Individually, Red had the Tyranno Staff, which released an energy orb; Blue the Tricera Shield, which could serve defensively and fire blue energy bolts; and Yellow the Ptera Grips, two daggers shaped like a pterodactyl’s head. All three could be combined to form the ultra-powerful Z-Rex Blaster, which fired a toothy jaw-shaped burst of energy. Black’s weapon was the Brachio Staff; an extendable pointed weapon that utilized powerful elemental attacks and could also be combined with the others into the Z-Rex. Additionally, Tommy provided the Rangers with various vehicles. They and the Morphers were designed and built by Hayley Ziktor (surname never spoken on screen and shared with the villain of VR Troopers, played by Ismay Johnston), an MIT graduate who abandoned corporate tech jobs in favor of opening up her Cyberspace CafĂ©, where the Rangers would often hang out.

The Thundersaurus Megazord powers up.


The Zords for the Rangers were known as the Biozords: the result of Tommy and Anton’s experimentation of combining dinosaur DNA with machinery. Each Zord was hatched from special eggs and required taming by a power source; usually the Morphers or Dino Gems. The initial Zords were the Tyrannozord, based on a Tyrannosaurus; the Tricerazord, based on a Triceratops; and the Pterazord, based on a pterodactyl. The three of them combined to form the Thundersaurus Megazord (which could also be formed without the Pterazord). Tommy would gain the Brachiozord, based on a Brachiosaurus, that could fire lightning bolts from its mouth and transport the other Zords. Auxiliary Zords included the Cephalazord, based on a Pachycephalosaurus, which could become a battering ram for the Megazord; the Dimetrozord, based on a Dimetrodon, had a buzzsaw on its back; the Stegozord, based on a Stegosaurus, which could become a water-ski vehicle for the Megazord; the Parasaurzord, based on a Parasaurolophus, could become a scissor-like weapon for the Megazord; and the Ankylozord, based on an Ankylosaurus, became the Megazord’s drill/shield combo. Conner would gain two more Zords of his own: the Mezodon, based on a Styracosaurus, and the Triassic Megarover, which was a chariot pulled by the Mezodon. Together they could combine into Conner’s own Mezodon Megazord, or with the auxiliary Zords to form the Triceramax Megazord. The Zords’ beastial forms were rendered in CGI with some models used for close-ups, while the Megazord was the traditional man in a suit (outside of certain action scenes, also rendered in CGI).

Elsa and Zeltrax.


Mesogog was powerful on his own; possessing great strength, claws, and a laser vision that could either cause agony, imprison a foe in a container or teleport something. But he built an army out of the shape-shifting dinosaur/humanoid cyborg Tyrannodrones developed by Anton and Tommy (and heavily-modified recycled costumes from the Stingwingers of Lost Galaxy). When they proved insufficient for the task, Mesogog could create monsters at will or via the Hydro Regenerator, which grew them with a specialized rain, and the Geno-Randomizer. Mesogog’s forces later gained a secondary type of foot soldier, the Triptoids: amoeba-themed minions that escaped from a video game and wielded flexible staves that they used like whips. Serving as his generals was Elsa, a human turned evil and granted enhanced abilities by him who posed as Principal Randall to keep an eye on the Rangers, and Zeltrax (voiced by James Gaylyn), Anton and Tommy’s other partner, Terrance “Smithy” Smith, turned into a loyal cyborg. Zeltrax would eventually defect from Mesogog, develop a new super form for himself, and take the Triptoids for his own army. Mesogog and his forces travelled between eefside and his island base via transdimensional portals called Invisiportals.

Confronting the White Ranger.


Mesogog had once found and hidden another Dino Gem, a white one, where Tommy couldn’t detect or find it. He had planned to unleash its power for his own use by corrupting it, but it instead wound up in the hands of Anton’s adopted son, Trent Fernandez-Mercer (Jeffrey Parazzo, who was offered and turned down the role of Ethan), when he accidentally took an Invisiportal to Mesogog’s lair. Trent’s parents were friends of Anton’s who died on an archaeological dig, and Anton took Trent in. Trent was an artist, something Anton forbade him from being, that worked at Hayley’s Cyberspace CafĂ© and also attended Reefside. The Dino Gem turned Trent into the White Dino Ranger, and because of Mesogog’s meddling it made him evil as well. After working with Mesogog for a time, the evil influence in the Gem was eventually expelled and Trent wound up joining the other Rangers (invocative of Tommy’s own journey when he first became a Power Ranger). However, Zeltrax took some preemptive measures and created a clone of the White Ranger with no trace of Trent (conceived to make use of all the Sentai footage showing a White Ranger fighting the others). The clone eventually supplanted Zeltrax’s place in Mesogog’s army.

The White Ranger clone.

Along with the abilities of camouflage, super speed, teleportation and a Super Dino Mode, the White Dino Ranger possessed the Drago Sword that allowed him to conjure and fire a number of laser arrows. His Zord was the Dragozord, patterned on a Tupuxuara, that could release powerful whirlwinds with its wings. He would also gain control of the Stegozord and could combine the two into the DinoStegazord. The DinoStegazord also combined with the Thundersaurus Megazord and bits of the Triceramax Megazord to form the Valkasaurus Megazord.

Cassidy and Devin on the hunt for a scoop.


Other characters included Cassidy Cornell (Katrina Devine) and Devin Del Valle (Tom Hern). Cassidy was the extremely shallow and super nosy reporter for the school news station. Having lofty ambitions of becoming a legitimate and famous reporter, she embarked on a quest to learn the identities of the Rangers. While initially an annoyance to the Rangers, she gradually became their friend and opted to keep their secret when she learned their identities rather than breaking the story. Her Abaranger counterpart was a wannabe Pink Ranger, which was homage by pink being Cassidy’s primary outfit colors. Devin was Cassidy’s loyal friend and roving cameraman; despite the fact she often treated him like dirt. Being a decent guy, he sometimes kept Cassidy grounded when her ambitions got the better of her judgement. While Abaranager was still ongoing during production, the introduction of AbareMax led the producers to believe that a 6th Ranger was being introduced and planned to make Devin that Ranger. However, it was soon learned that AbraeMax was the powered-up form of AbaRed and became Conner’s Triassic form; marking this the first Ranger series without a 6th member.

Riding in style.


Power Rangers Dino Thunder debuted on February 14, 2004, airing simultaneously on the ABC Kids programming block on ABC, the Jetix block on ABC Family (now Freeform), and Toon Disney. Despite the overall positive reception to Ninja Storm, the production still faced some backlash from fans for the lack of a Ranger crossover with Wild Force and for attempting to render all previous Power Ranger incarnations as in-universe works of fiction. Executive producer Douglas Sloan attempted to resolve some of the Ninja Storm loose ends with Dino Thunder and re-establish it as part of a larger continuity, as well as win back fans by bringing back Frank as Tommy. Frank agreed to return as a favor to Sloan; however, not wanting to be away from his family and martial arts school in the United States for long, Tommy was written as being incapacitated, stuck in Ranger form and then invisible for half of the series so that Frank didn’t need to be present on set all the time. Had Frank not agreed, they had alternate plans to make the Black Ranger a man named Edward Payne. Dino Thunder was also the first series in the franchise to acknowledge its Sentai roots by featuring a comically-dubbed clip from its source series in the episode “Lost and Found in Translation” (which marked the franchise’s 11th anniversary); said to be a Japanese adaptation of the actual Power Rangers. The series was written by Sloan, Ann Austen, Mark Hoffmeier, Bruce Kalish, Jackie Marchand, Steve Slavkin and John Tellegen, with music by Bruce Lynch who also composed the theme with Sloan. Gavin McLean served as the series’ costume designer. This would be Sloan’s last outing with the franchise.

Kira and Trent: never meant to be.


Kira and Trent were intended to become a couple during the season, both exhibiting a mutual attraction to each other. But according to Parazzo, the Disney executives worried that young boys, the franchise’s target demographic, wouldn’t be interested in any kind of romance and the relationship was quietly dropped. It ended up that the network would prohibit the pair from having any form of physical contact at all. Additionally, Marchand had stated they intended to imply that Hayley was a lesbian who would depart with her partner at the end of the series, but at the time such a thing wouldn’t be permissible on a kids’ show.

Elsa with a pair of monsters.


Speaking of romance, since a future vision in Power Rangers Zeo, it had been believed that Katherine Hillard (Catherine Sutherland), the Pink Ranger from the end of Mighty Morphin through the beginning of Turbo, would be Tommy’s wife; so her absence in the series left fans questioning if that came to pass or not (it was eventually revealed as having done so in the canon graphic novel Soul of the Dragon by Kyle Higgins, Giuseppe Cafaro, Marcelo Costa and Ed Dukeshire with Frank). Reportedly, Sullivan was intended to be part of Dino Thunder--possibly even filling Hayley’s role--but it proved too cost-prohibitive to bring her on. Additionally, there were rumors that she, as well as David Yost (Mighty Morphin Blue) and Austin St. John (Mighty Morphin Red), were considered for the real identity of Zeltrax instead of Smitty to add a deeper connection for Tommy and the audience.

Wind Rangers: evilized!


Dino Thunder marked the return of the traditional Rangers crossover event; having been skipped over for Ninja Storm due to Disney’s unwillingness to pay for the Wild Force actors to be brought over to New Zealand after production for the franchise was moved there and went non-union. That was no longer a problem as of Dino Thunder. The two-part episode “Thunder Storm” sees Lothor (Grant McFarland) escape from the Abyss of Evil where he was imprisoned. He managed to gain control of the Wind Rangers and used them to do his bidding. Mesogog, impressed by Lothor’s plans, proposed an alliance and the two combined their armies. It was up to the remaining Ninja Rangers and the Dino Rangers to rescue their allies and defeat the combined forces of their respective foes. Both episodes featured a special intro that showcased both Ranger teams.

Mesogog and Lothor: a sinister meeting of the minds.


This crossover was the first time that Ranger teams clashed before teaming-up, as opposed to the straightforward team-ups seen previously. It was also the final appearance of the Ninja Storm cast with the exception of McFarland, who would have a role in an episode of later entry Samurai, and Sally Martin (Blue Ninja Ranger) who appeared in later entry Operation Overdrive as part of a 15th anniversary event. During the crossover, Cassidy briefly encountered Lothor’s niece Marah from Ninja Storm; both of whom were played by Devine. Additionally, Napier and Johnston both had minor roles on the prior series before being cast in this one, and Lahana had auditioned for the role of the Blue Ninja Ranger.


Jason David Frank's appearance and Tommy Oliver's stats on Power Rangers HyperForce with Malika Lim, Andre Meadows, Paul Schrier, Cristina Valenzuela, Peter Sudarso and Strawburry17.

Following the conclusion of the series, the Dino Thunder cast appeared for a crossover with the S.P.D. team in the next entry, Power Rangers S.P.D. (excluding Frank, whose character was voiced by an uncredited Parazzo). Lahana would appear one last time in Operation Overdrive and Parazzo in Super Ninja Steel. The Dino Ranger teens would later appear in Super Megaforce, Super Ninja Steel and Beast Morphers in either silent cameos or voiced by different actors. Frank would reprise Tommy twice more in the franchise proper in Super Megaforce in his original colors and Super Ninja Steel in all four, as well as the Black Ranger specifically in an episode of the RPG tabletop game web-series Power Rangers HyperForce (which also had mentions of Anton and Hayley). The White Dino Ranger was made part of the Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade at Disney-Hollywood Studios until 2010. 


White Dino Ranger at Disney-Hollywood Studios.

As with other entries in the franchise, Bandai produced a line of merchandise for the series ranging from action figures, including a toy-exclusive Phantom Ranger and Megazord, and role-play items. New figures were released across the final three waves of the Legacy Collection line from 2017-19. When Bandai lost the license to Hasbro, new versions of the figures were released in waves of their replacement toyline, The Lightning Collection.

The Red Dino Ranger in Legacy Wars.


Two video games were made for the series. Natsume developed a Game Boy Advance game published by THQ that was an action platformer with puzzle mini-games. Players guided the three younger Rangers through enemy-filled levels while the Black Dino Ranger delivered helpful gameplay hints and launched their missions. Megazords could be customized for boss encounters. On PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube, Pacific Coast Power & Light Co. developed a 3D action game that took place with the Rangers always inside their respective Zords or the Megazord. Despite having dialogue, none of the actors reprised their roles for it. Chibi-styled Dino Rangers were among the featured characters in the 2013 endless-runner mobile game Power Rangers Dash by Movegames. Additionally, the team was featured in 2017’s Power Rangers Legacy Wars by nWay Games, and in the 2018 mobile RPG Power Rangers All-Stars from NEXON. Kira, Trent and Mesagog all appeared in nWay’s Power Rangers Morphin Legends, a turn-based mobile game soft-launched in 2022 that was ultimately cancelled in 2023.

Promo image for Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #29, featuring Kira on her bike.


Six comic stories were published in the pages of Jetix Magazine in the United Kingdom from 2004-05, and some were later reprinted in 2007. These issues included DVDs that featured full episodes featured on Jetix, and the two-part series premiere was included on two of them. While not a major part, the Dino Rangers appeared during and following the multi-incarnation crossover “Shattered Grid” event in BOOM! StudiosMighty Morphin Power Rangers comic series. A Dino Thunder expansion pack was made for the board game Power Rangers: Heroes of the Grid by Renegade Game Studios.


The complete series DVD.

The first 24 episodes were released across five VHS and DVD volumes by Walt Disney Home Video in 2004. Two exclusive shorts highlighting Frank’s Ranger tenure to that point, “Return of the Ranger”, and Ethan and Kira getting a preview of the S.P.D. Rangers, “Before it Begins”, were included on volumes 4 and 5 as special features. In 2008, the complete series was released by Disney overseas on DVD, and in North America by Shout! Factory as part of the season 8-12 bundle pack in 2013 and individually in 2016. The entire series was made available to purchase on Prime Video and to stream on the official Power Rangers YouTube channel.

 

EPISODE GUIDE:
“Day of the Dino, Part 1” (2/14/04) – Original Ranger Tommy Oliver is placed in charge of a group of delinquents who stumble upon the Dino Gems and get special abilities from them.
 
“Day of the Dino, Part 2” (2/14/04) – When Mesogog begins to attack the city, Tommy gives the kids Morphers so that they can become Rangers and stop him.
 
“Wave Goodbye” (2/21/04) – Conner decides to quit being a Ranger to focus on his soccer as Tommy is kidnapped by Mesogog to unearth the secret of a mysterious stone.
 
“Legacy of Power” (2/28/04) – Hayley works on a way to find Tommy while the Rangers view a video diary about all the Rangers before them.
 
“Back in Black” (3/6/04) – The Rangers rescue Tommy, who has discovered that the power in the stone is another Dino Gem that allows him to become the new Black Dino Ranger.
 
“Diva in Distress” (3/13/04) – Kira gets a visit from her old, very snobby celebrity friend who ends up having her youth drained by Mesogog’s latest monster.
 
“Game On” (3/20/04) – Mesogog sends Ethan and Kira into a video game where they must fight to escape a game over.
 
“Golden Boy” (3/27/04) – While the Rangers must deal with Trent’s father wanting to take over the Cyberspace CafĂ©, they also find themselves facing Zeltrax and his new “son”.
 
“Beneath the Surface” (4/3/04) – A class field trip is a cover to search for a new Dino Egg, but Elsa gets to it first and unleashes the new Dimetro Zord.
 
“Ocean Alert” (4/10/04) – Mesogog takes a famous actress hostage for his latest scheme while Hayley uncovers a new Dino Egg.
 
“White Thunder, Part 1” (4/17/04) – The White Dino Gem goes missing from Mesogog’s fortress, leading to a renegade White Ranger that easily bests his monsters and the other Rangers.
 
“White Thunder, Part 2” (4/24/04) – Tommy attempts to confront the White Ranger to reclaim a new Dino Egg while the other Rangers deal with a new monster with a newly-hatched Zord.
 
“White Thunder, Part 3” (5/1/04) – Tommy discovers the identity of the White Ranger, but ends up encased in amber before he can tell the others.
 
“Truth and Consequences” (5/8/04) – The Rangers battle the White Ranger in an effort to free Tommy, and the White Ranger hesitates hitting a de-powered Kira.
 
“Leader of the Whack” (5/15/04) – A meteor turns the Rangers into their polar opposites.
 
“Burning at Both Ends” (5/22/04) – Trent fully embraces his evilness and plots to capture the Rangers for Mesogog by making them think he’s reformed.
 
“The Missing Bone” (5/22/04) – A failed experiment of Tommy and Anton’s revives and brainwashes Kira into retrieving its missing piece so it can be free to wreak havoc on the city.
 
“Bully for Ethan” (6/12/04) – On top of bully troubles, Ethan discovers that Zeltrax was an old friend of his lost in an accident years ago.
 
“Lost & Found in Translation” (6/13/04) – The Rangers watch a Japanese television adaptation about them.
 
“It’s a Mad Mad Mackerel” (6/19/04) – Kira’s internship on the Funky Fisherman Show goes south when the star turns out to be incredibly demanding.
 
“Copy That” (7/10/04) – Zeltrax attempts to frame Trent for destroying his lab with a duplicate while Anton attempts to free his sone from the corruption of the White Dino Gem.
 
“Triassic Triumph” (7/17/04) – Zeltrax’s new White Ranger clone easily bests the Rangers’ Dinozords with his White Terrorsaurus, leaving Conner feeling responsible as leader.
 
“A Star is Torn” (7/24/04) – Kira scores a deal with a major record producer, but isn’t too keen on the image he’s come up for her.
 
“A Ranger Exclusive” (7/31/04) – Mesogog’s latest monster infiltrates the satellite system in a bid to destroy Jupiter, which in turn would destroy all life on Earth.
 
“Tutenhawken’s Curse” (8/7/04) – Bad luck follows Ethan after he’s cursed for awakening Pharaoh Tutenhawken, but nowhere near as bad as Cassidy’s when she’s taken to be his queen.
 
“Disapeparing Act” (8/21/04) – A strange slime used by Elsa may be the key to allowing Tommy to finally de-morph.
 
“Fighting Spirit” (8/28/04) – Tommy is thrown into a coma from his latest attempt to restore himself, while the Rangers are rendered powerless by a new White Terrorsaurus.
 
“The Passion of Conner” (9/5/04) – Conner has the hots for a young environmentalist whose pet cause ends up becoming Zeltrax’s latest monster.
 
“Isn’t It Lava-ly” (9/18/04) – While Ethan competes against Devin in a video game contest, Elsa kidnaps a teacher and turns him into a monster in order to revive a long-dormant volcano.
 
“Strange Relations” (9/25/04) – Mesogog and Anton battle for dominance over their body while Trent is pitted in a final battle against his evil clone.
 
“Thunder Storm, Part 1” (10/2/04) – Lothor gets free and casts a spell on the Ninja Storm Wind Rangers to turn them into his minions and imprison their fellow students at their school.
 
“Thunder Storm, Part 2” (10/9/04) – Impressed by the evil Power Rangers, Mesogog proposes an alliance with Lothor and both set their armies after the good Rangers.
 
“In Your Dreams” (10/16/04) – Elsa invades the Rangers’ dreams in order to destroy them from within.
 
“Drawn into Danger” (10/23/04) – Elsa turns a comic artist into a monster that traps the Rangers in a comic he draws.
 
“House of Cards” (10/30/04) – The Rangers discover the secret identities of their foes.
 
“A Test of Trust” (11/6/04) – Elsa creates a potion to separate Mesogog from Anton while his latest monster creates an evil duplicate of the Rangers’ Megazord.
 
“Thunder Struck, Part 1” (11/13/04) – Mesogog manages to separate himself from Anton and imprisons him as he makes final preparations on his ultimate weapon.
 
“Thunder Struck, Part 2” (11/20/04) – Mesogog manages to absorb enough energy from the Gems to become a powerful monster, leaving the Rangers one option to stop him once and for all.
 
Short:
“Return of the Ranger” (12/7/04) – Tommy speaks with an unseen cameraman about his life as a Power Ranger.
 
“Before it Began” (12/7/04) – Ethan and Kira link up to the Morphin Grid and are shown visions of the next generation of Power Rangers.


Originally posted in 2022. Updated in 2023.